While Li-ion batteries have been widely used in automated guided vehicles (AGVs), supercapacitors offer unique benefits, including rapid charging, long lifespan, high power density, improved safety, and environmental sustainability.

AGVs, also known as self-guided vehicles or driverless robots, are material handling systems or load carriers that navigate autonomously across a warehouse, distribution center or manufacturing plant without the assistance of an onboard operator or driver. In recent years, supply chain management has witnessed automation in the form of AGVs such as forklifts, automated stackers and pallet trucks. In addition, these vehicles are programmed to perform some tasks using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques that allow them to learn from their surroundings, optimize their routes, and adapt to changing conditions in real time.